Clinical characteristics and outcome of the patients
| Parameters | Group 1 (SFD) | Group 2 (OSD) | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Radiation exposure time (s) | 47.69±13 | 39.12±15 | 3.068 to 14.072 | 0.003 | ||
| Mean operative time (min) | 78±14 | 70.5±11 | 2.565 to 12.435 | 0.004 | ||
| Perioperative | Hemoglobin (g/L) | 110±15.8 | 110±13.1 | −0.569 to 0.569 | 1 | |
| Hematocrit | 37.11±2.45 | 36.9±1.97 | −0.661 to 0.081 | 0.637 | ||
| Mean drop | Hemoglobin | 2.1±1.08 | 1.6±1.4 | 0.01 to 0.99 | 0.50 | |
| Hematocrit | 2.1±1.44 | 1.44±1.6 | 0.063 to 1.257 | 0.032 | ||
| Hospital stays (d) | 4±1.9 | 3.2±1.8 | 0.075 to 1.525 | 0.80 | ||
| Success rate after first PCNL | 44 (88%) | 45 (90%) | −0.143 to 0.103 | 0.749 | ||
| Overall success rate | 47 (94%) | 46 (92%) | −0.08 to 0.12 | 0.829 | ||
| Additional treatment | PCNL | 2 | 3 | |||
| ESWL | 3 | 2 | ||||
| URSL | 1 | – | ||||
| DJ stenting | 3 | 2 | ||||
| Complications as per modified Clavien-Dindo classification | Grade 1 | Fever* | 3 (6%) | 2 (4%) | −0.066 to 0.146 | 0.611 |
| Urine leak after PCN removal† | 2 (4%) | 1 (2%) | ||||
| Total | 5 (10%) | 3 (6%) | ||||
| Grade 2 | UTI‡ | 3 (6%) | 2 (4%) | −0.077 to 0.157 | 0.648 | |
| Blood transfusion§ | 2 (4%) | 1 (2%) | ||||
| Postoperative pneumonia¶ | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | ||||
| Total | 6 (12%) | 4 (8%) | ||||
| Grade 3 | Hydrothorax** | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | −0.055 to 0.055 | 1 | |
| Total | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | ||||
| Total complications | 12 (24%) | 8 (16%) | −7.84 to 23.45 | 0.319 | ||
*Managed by antipyretics.
†Managed by compression bandage.
‡Managed by change of antibiotics.
§Managed by blood transfusion.
¶Managed by antibiotics.
**Managed by intercostal tube placement.
CI, confidence interval; ESWL, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy; OSD, one-shot dilation; PCN, Percutaneous Nephrostomy; PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy; SFD, sequential fascial dilation; URSL, Ureteroscopic lithotripsy; UTI, Urinary Tract Infection.