Vital signs in each group
| Vital signs | Group (n=30) | T1 | T2 |
| HR (BPM), mean±SD | Group C | 111±16 | 109±20 |
| Group L | 104±6 | 112±7 | |
| Group N | 103±7 | 102±7* | |
| MAP (mmHg), mean±SD | Group C | 73±5 | 72±4** |
| Group L | 73±4 | 72±4*** | |
| Group N | 72±4 | 69±4 | |
| SpO2 (%) | Group C | 100 | 100 |
| Group L | 100 | 100 | |
| Group N | 100 | 100 |
*P=0.001 compared with T1 in the same group, **P=0.003 compared with T1 in the same group, and ***P=0.00 compared with T1 in the same group.
BPM, beats per minute; group C, control group; group L, lidocaine group; group N, nalbuphine group; HR, heart rate; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SpO2, percutaneous oxygen saturation.